Applications

Software designed to run on a phone or tablet — distributed through an app store and sandboxed by the platform.

A program that fetches web pages over HTTP, parses HTML/CSS/JavaScript, and renders them as the interactive sites you see.

A small, special-purpose computer built into a larger product — a microwave, a car ECU, a smart thermostat, a satellite.

A reusable framework for building video games — rendering, physics, audio, input, scripting, scene tools — so game teams build worlds, not engines.

The Internet of Things — everyday physical objects embedded with sensors and network connectivity, letting them collect data and be monitored or controlled remotely.

The core decision in app development — build a native app installed per platform, a web app that runs in the browser, or a hybrid that blends the two — each trading reach against capability and performance.

A grid of cells holding data and formulas that recalculate automatically — the world's most widely used programming tool, even though most users don't think of it as programming.

Using computers to model, simulate, and analyze scientific and engineering problems — from weather forecasts to drug discovery — through numerical methods running on everything from laptops to supercomputers.

Running computation at network edge nodes — close to where users or devices are — to reduce latency, save bandwidth, and comply with data residency requirements compared to centralised cloud data centres.

A framework for building cross-platform desktop applications using web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) — embedding Chromium and Node.js so one codebase runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

A web application enhanced with service workers and a web manifest to provide app-like capabilities — installability, offline access, push notifications, and near-native performance — without requiring an app store.

Systems where the correctness of a computation depends not only on its result but on the time at which it is produced — from spacecraft flight control to live video streaming, each with different deadline strictness requirements.

A server-side WebAssembly execution environment that runs Wasm binaries outside the browser — enabling sandboxed, portable, polyglot compute for serverless functions, plugins, and edge workloads.

A portable binary instruction format that runs at near-native speed in browsers and on servers — enabling C, C++, Rust, and other languages to run on the web without JavaScript, and serving as a universal sandboxed compute target beyond the browser.