Computer Atlas

From Hardware to the Web

For beginners 7 topics · updated 2026-06-04

Trace one connection from the CPU on your laptop through the operating system, the network, and the web browser.

Reading time
~29 min
Level mix
6 beginner · 1 intermediate

Most people use the web every day without ever thinking about what happens between pressing Enter on a URL and seeing a page. This path walks down the stack one layer at a time — from the chip doing the computing, through the OS managing it, the network carrying the request, and the browser turning the response into pixels.

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Roadmap

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  1. The component of a computer that fetches and executes instructions — the place where programs actually run.

  2. Fast, temporary storage where a running program keeps the data it is actively using.

  3. The system software that manages hardware and provides services and abstractions to all other programs.

  4. A numeric identifier for a network interface — how computers find each other on the internet.

  5. The phone book of the internet — translates human-readable names like example.com into IP addresses.

  6. The request/response protocol that powers the web — how browsers and servers talk to each other.

  7. A program that fetches web pages over HTTP, parses HTML/CSS/JavaScript, and renders them as the interactive sites you see.